The modification of data that is already in the database is referred to as updating. You
can update individual rows, all the rows in a table, or a subset of all rows. Each column
can be updated separately; the other columns are not affected.
To perform an update, you need three pieces of information:
-
The name of the table and column to update,
-
The new value of the column,
-
Which row(s) to update.
Recall from Chapter 2
that SQL does not, in general, provide a unique identifier for rows. Therefore it is not
necessarily possible to directly specify which row to update. Instead, you specify which
conditions a row must meet in order to be updated. Only if you have a primary key in the
table (no matter whether you declared it or not) can you reliably address individual rows,
by choosing a condition that matches the primary key. Graphical database access tools rely
on this fact to allow you to update rows individually.
For example, this command updates all products that have a price of 5 to have a price of
10:
UPDATE products SET price = 10 WHERE price = 5;
This may cause zero, one, or many rows to be updated. It is not an error to attempt an
update that does not match any rows.
Let's look at that command in detail: First is the key word UPDATE
followed by the table name. As usual, the table name may be schema-qualified, otherwise it
is looked up in the path. Next is the key word SET followed by the
column name, an equals sign and the new column value. The new column value can be any scalar
expression, not just a constant. For example, if you want to raise the price of all products
by 10% you could use:
UPDATE products SET price = price * 1.10;
As you see, the expression for the new value can also refer to the old value. We also
left out the WHERE clause. If it is omitted, it means that all rows
in the table are updated. If it is present, only those rows that match the condition after
the WHERE are updated. Note that the equals sign in the SET clause is an assignment while the one in the WHERE
clause is a comparison, but this does not create any ambiguity. Of course, the condition
does not have to be an equality test. Many other operators are available (see Chapter 6). But the
expression needs to evaluate to a Boolean result.
You can also update more than one column in an UPDATE command by
listing more than one assignment in the SET clause. For example:
UPDATE mytable SET a = 5, b = 3, c = 1 WHERE a > 0;
